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Diabetes and Life
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Diabetes as a word was borrowed from the Greek word for “siphon”, in the 2nd century AD A Greek physician named Aretus Cappadocian was the first to use it to describe the condition of the disease. in a patient passing excessive urine the medical term is called “polyuria”. . Diabetes as a disease poses a threat to human life, Across continents, genders and ages. The international health organization ahs has made this field of special interest because of the dangers and threats of this disease in the world; this disease also caused a lot of questions and tension. Scientists and researchers have done their best but the reality is that this disease is still “treatable” but not curable. The American Diabetes Association reported in 2009 that 23.6 million children and adults in the United States—7.8% of the population—have diabetes. Many people have this disease without knowing it.
This disease existed many years ago but the world was in the dark and ignorant about it and even though it was known that the treatment was not known until 1921 when insulin became medically available but before this time many have died. Researchers first administered pancreatic extract containing insulin to a young diabetic patient in 1922, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first insulin in 1939. Insulin used to treat diabetes is usually derived from beef and pork. and also from human recombinant technology; The FDA approved the first recombinant insulin for diabetes in 1982. Until recently, diabetes was thought to affect the elderly, but research has clarified that if it affects the elderly and it’s the youth.
diabetes
In general, there are two types of diabetes: diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus and both of them are characterized by “polyuria”, the excessive excretion of urine that distinguishes that the urine in diabetes insipidus is not sweet. because there is none. sugar as in diabetes mellitus and without hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose) and both are genetically inherited. Often when the word diabetes is used, it means DIABETES MELLITUS which is a condition of the disease when the body does not produce or does not use INSULIN properly, a hormone produced by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that makes cells in the liver, muscles and receptive tissue. the glucose from the blood stores it as glycogen in the liver, muscles and prevents the use of fat as energy. In diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use it properly or both.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS is a condition of excessive thirst and constant discharge of copious amounts of urine. The most common types of diabetes insipidus are neurogenic diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP) also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and other nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by kidney deficiency of ADH, it can will also be an iatrogenic artifact. (adverse effects or complications) of drug use. Other types of diabetes insipidus are dispogenic and gestational diabetes insipidus.
TYPES OF DIABETES
There are 4 types of diabetes:
1. type 1 diabetes
2. type 2 diabetes
3. gestational diabetes
4. pre-diabetes
TYPE 1: This type of diabetes is characterized by the loss of the islets of langerhans that produce insulin which causes the lack of insulin hormone; It is also classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic diabetes. There are currently no preventive measures for type 1 diabetes and many people with this disease are usually healthy and of normal weight at the onset of the disease. This type of diabetes is often called juvenile diabetes because of the prevalence of the disease in children.
Treatment for type 1: The main treatment for type 1 diabetes is the administration of artificial insulin by subcutaneous injection and regular monitoring of blood glucose levels. Lifestyle changes are also very helpful in type 1 diabetes. Treatment for diabetes must be continued regularly to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis which can lead to coma and death. The average glucose level for type 1 patients should be as close to normal (80-120 mg/dl, 4-6 mmol/l) as possible. Some doctors recommend up to 140-150 mg/dl (7-7.5 mmol/l) for those who have problems with lower values, such as frequent hypoglycemic events. Values above 400 mg/dl (20 mmol/l) are sometimes accompanied by discomfort and swelling often leading to dehydration.
TYPE 2: This type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, decreased insulin production and insulin sensitivity. Type 2 diabetes is the more common type of diabetes. In the first stage of type 2 diabetes, the main abnormality is a decrease in insulin sensitivity, which characterizes the level of insulin in the blood. At this stage, hyperglycemia can be reversed through various measures and drugs that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce the production of glucose in the liver. As the disease progresses, insulin deficiency worsens, and therapeutic insulin replacement is often required. The central fat, which is the fat that forms around the waist in relation to the abdominal organs and not subcutaneously, is considered a cause of insulin resistance because this central fat produces a group of hormones called adipokines that can damage the glucose tolerance. Obesity is found in about 55% of people with diabetes. Aging and family history also contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes may go undiagnosed for several years because early symptoms are mild and often there is no ketoacidotic episode but long-term complications. associated with this type of diabetes when left undiagnosed can be harmful. Complications of type 2 diabetes include kidney failure, blood vessel disease, vision impairment and heart failure.
Type 2 diabetes is usually treated by increasing physical activity, reducing carbohydrate intake and losing weight. These can restore insulin sensitivity even with a small weight loss, for example about 5 kilograms (10 to 15 lb), especially when it is in abdominal fat. Sometimes it is possible to achieve long-term and satisfactory glucose control with these measures alone. However, the basic trend of insulin resistance is not lost, and therefore attention to diet, exercise and weight loss must continue. The usual next step, if necessary, is treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs. Insulin production is initially insufficient in type 2 diabetes, so oral medications (often used in various combinations) can be used to improve insulin production (for example, sulfonylureas), to control impaired glucose release by the liver and reduce insulin resistance in some. (eg, metformin), and significantly reduce insulin resistance (eg, thiazolidinediones). According to one study, obese patients treated with metformin compared to diet alone, had a 32% reduced risk of developing diabetes, 42% of diabetes-related deaths and 36% for all deaths and strokes.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES: This type of diabetes occurs only during pregnancy, it has many characteristics similar to type 2 diabetes, but this type of diabetes is completely treatable and disappears after delivery, but requires monitoring. eye health because if it is not taken care of properly, it can harm the health of the child. mother or fetus. It poses risks to the baby such as high birth rate, congenital heart disease and central nervous system abnormalities, it also reduces fetal surfactant which causes respiratory diseases.
PRE-DIABETES: Called “America’s Greatest Health Epidemic,” pre-diabetes is a condition that occurs when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to detect diabetes. Type 2 diabetes As of 2009, 57 million Americans have diabetes.
SIGNS AND TREATMENT: Common symptoms are polyuria and polydipsia followed by frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased water intake. Symptoms can develop very quickly (weeks or months) in type 1 diabetes, especially in children. However, in type 2 diabetes, the symptoms of diabetes usually develop more slowly and may be subtle or not noticed at all. Type 1 diabetes can cause rapid but significant weight loss (despite a normal or increased diet) and inevitable mental fatigue. All of these symptoms except weight loss may also occur in type 2 diabetes in patients whose diabetes is not well controlled, although unexplained weight loss may occur in the beginning of the disease. The final diagnosis is made by measuring the glucose in the blood.
Complications: complications of diabetes include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar deficiency, hypoglycemic coma, and diabetic coma etc.
OTUNEME HANSON CHIDI
scriptures
• ^ abc LM Tierney, SJ McPhee, MA Papadakis (2002). Current medicine and treatment. International Edition. NY: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 1203-15. ISBN 0-07-137688-7.
• ^ Handelsman, Yehuda, MD. “Doctor’s Diagnosis: Prediabetes.” Power of Prevention, Volume 1, Number 2, 2009.
• ^ “All About Diabetes””. American Diabetes Association. [http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp]. Retrieved 2009-07-01. ^ Eberhart MS, Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH (November 2004). “Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults with diabetes-United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002”. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) cohort. Lancet 352 (9131): 854-65. 1998. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8. PMID 9742977. ^ Mailloux, Lionel (2007-02-13).
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